tohu holo kahurangi
Nā ngā kēhi tohu holoau whero i whakaritea he whiuwhiua tūhurahanga ki te ao o te haumanawa me te whakamana, e whakawhiti ana i ngā āhua holoau matatika me te tahuhu whero pūkuru. E hanga ana ngā tohu nui ake nei i runga i ētahi rārangi whakamana, e āhei ana ki te whakapakari i ngā uara toru-dimensional matatika me ngā āhuatanga whatiwhati-kiri, e whai ake ana i te whakapae pai mō te whakawehe. Nā ngā momo hanga micro-embossing matatika i whakamahi ai ki te whakauru wānanga me te horopaki, me te tahuhu kura whero e whai ana i te whakaatu atawhai me te whakanui i te āhua rangatira. Ki ia tohu, ko ngā matera whakahaere i hangaia i runga i ngā whenua whaiaro, e whakaatu ana i ngā tohu whakamana me te whakamana pūtake i te take whakamutunga, ka whai mana rawa rātau hei whakamana mahi me te tiaki i te mana motu. Ko te hunga hanga mō ēnei tohu i whakapae ai i te mahi pūnaha matatika o te electron beam lithography me ngā momo kupu whakahaere, e tirotiro ana he pai rawa rātau i roto i te katoa o ngā āhuatanga whakamana me te whaiwhai. Ka taea te whakatakoto i ēnei tohu whakamana me ngā āhuatanga rerekē, logo, rānei, me te tuhinga, ka whakaritea he pai rawa rātau mō ngā whakamahi rerekē i waenganui i ngā whenua, mai i te whakamana taonga nui ki te tirotiro i ngā kōnae whakahaere. Heoi anō, kei ngā tohu e whai ana i ngā āhuatanga whakamana kore tangata kitea, ka taea anake te tirotiro mō ngā whakawai kōwhiringa, ka whakapae tonu he urupare matua mo ngā whakamahi whakamana nui.